Nature Notes

The wild turkey (Meleagris gallopavo), a native to North America, prefers several different habitats for breeding, feeding and protection. A home range for a particular flock can be 400-4000 acres of forest, field and agricultural land. Turkeys have a varied diet consisting of insects, plants, nuts, fruit and berries during the warmer months, with seeds, mosses and buds added to their winter foraging. They are social birds, usually traveling in flocks up to 30+. Surprisingly, turkeys can run 25mph and fly 35mph to avoid danger! Breeding takes place in the spring, with Toms (males) heard gobbling and seen strutting their feathers to attract hens (females). Gestation is 28 days, with most hatching (10-15) at the end of May, early June.

Vermont’s wild turkeys were basically extinct by the mid 1850’s, caused by loss of habitat and unrestricted hunting. However, beginning with the reintroduction of turkeys in the late 60’s, the population is now estimated to be 45-50,000! Trivia: All domesticated birds that appear on our Thanksgiving tables are descended from the original wild turkey. (ref: VT Fish and Wildlife Department)

Most people first notice the King Fisher swooping over streams and rivers with its rattling call. A beautiful bird, sporting a shaggy crest, blue-gray coloring above, white below and a very pointed bill. In addition, the female has a rufous band. When feeding, the King Fisher plunges headfirst into the water to spear small fish. Crustaceans, mollusks, amphibians, reptiles are also part of its diet. Nesting requires both sexes to dig a horizontal (3′-6′) long chamber in the side of a very steep bank. Five to eight eggs are laid, incubated by male and female, with hatchlings emerging 22-24 days later. Migration to southwestern US, Mexico and further occurs, although some can still be found in northern areas with open water. (References: Audubon.org and Bird Watchers Digest.com)

Enjoy the color, it only lasts a short time! Every autumn we anticipate the changing of leaves from green to beautiful fall colors. The mixture of red, purple, orange and yellow is the result of chemical processes that take place in the tree as the season progresses. During the summer, the leaves have served as food factories for most of the tree’s growth. Chlorophyll, an extraordinary chemical, found in green leaves, absorbs energy from the sun and transforms CO2 and water to carbohydrates such as sugar and starch. Along with the green pigment are yellow to orange pigments, xanthophyll and carotene, respectively. Most of the year these colors are masked by the vast amounts of chlorophyll. But in the fall, changes in day length and temperature trigger the leaves to stop producing food, thus giving rise to other colors. At the same time additional chemical changes may occur which form anthocyanin pigments, showing up as red and purple leaves.

Temperature, light and water, all influence the duration of fall color. Low temperatures above freezing will favor anthocyanin formation, producing bright reds in maples. However, early frost will weaken the intensity of the reds. Rainy or overcast days tend to increase the intensity of fall colors. (ref C.E.Palm,Jr.)

These brownish eggs were found on the underside of our zuchinni plants. These belong to the insect, Anasa tristis, commonly known as Squash bugs. Within 10 days, these eggs would have matured into nymphs, feeding on the sap found in the leaves or stem, with their pierce-sucking mouthparts. If left undisturbed, these nymphs would have disrupted the nutrient and water flow of the host plant, evidenced by yellow and brown spots as well as possible wilting. These nymphs would have developed into adults within 4-6 weeks, overwintering under plant debris or rocks. (They did not!)

While these insects do not carry disease, they can be particularly harmful to young squash and cucumber plants, so limiting the damage is the best control. The use of floating row cover in the seedling stage is recommended, followed by regular inspection of the plants, crushing any eggs and dropping any nymphs and adults into a bucket of soapy water. Trapping adult squash bugs under a piece of wood, where they will group together at night, then into the soapy bucket, also helps. Lastly, it is important to clean up all plant debris at the end of each growing season to reduce overwintering sites. (University of Minnesota Extension)

There are about 86 species of scarab beetles found in eastern North America. Adult beetles are quite large 1/2-1 1/4 inch, emerging from the soil at the end of spring, usually in June, hence the name. The adult female buries 60-75 eggs in the soil over a 2 week period, hatching as larvae, feeding on plant roots and decayed matter. These larvae are the white grubs often seen just under the turf and are a favorite food for skunks, voles and birds such as crows. After 1-3 years as larvae, pupation occurs and the adult emerges and the cycle begins all over.

While not harmful to humans per se, adults are voracious leaf eaters and can cause damage to gardens, pastures and golf courses. The grubs, being root eaters can destroy lawns in conjunction with certain mammals which will dig up the turf looking for them.

Displaying delicate fernlike leaves and white flowers resembling yellow-waisted pantaloons, hanging upside-down on a clothesline, it is one of Vermont’s early spring flowers. It flowers (Apr-May) just as bumblebees emerge after a long winter looking for nectar. The bumblebee’s proboscis is long enough to tap into the nectar, whereas the honey bee, having a much shorter proboscis, must look elsewhere. Known also as Dicentra cucullaria in the botanical world, it is closely related to Bleeding Heart, a common garden plant and to Squirrel Corn (Dicentra canadensis) another woodland wild flower. All are considered toxic if ingested in large quantities and may cause minor skin irritation.

An early sign of Spring to look for in our forests are tree circles. At this time of year, trees absorb sunlight (which excites electrons, creating heat) which is then radiated outward, melting snow. The darker the bark, the more radiant heat is created and the wider the circle becomes. Snow, being white, does just the opposite, it reflects sunlight. These melting circles are not just limited to trees, however. Inanimate objects, such as rocks, etc. also exhibit this phenomenon.

Snow rollers are a rare winter weather phenomenon that occur when the conditions are just right. They are cylindrical snow balls, usually hollow, formed with the help of strong winds (30mph) and temperatures in the 37-39 degree range. A layer of wet, loose snow, preferably with an ice layer underneath is pushed by the wind across fields or down slopes. Gravity certainly helps! Snow rollers can be small or quite large (car size). They are also known as Snow donuts.

10/21/20 We have officially entered Stick Season as I observe that most maples, birch, and ash have given up their hold on this year’s leaves. The stark silhouettes are now framed by what remains—the beech, which holds its leaves to the end and the firs and pines. It’s a transition time between the heat of this summer, the artistry of fall’s colors and the rush of the holidays to come. It’s a time to slow down, catch our breath and enjoy the quiet of Stick Season.

9/9/20 Another great find, Chicken of the Woods, a very desirable, beautiful and edible mushroom. I found this shelf fungus growing on a declining Ash tree. It was easily identified by its bright orange top and sulfurous yellow pores on the underside. ( I also confirmed my identification with a knowledgeable mushroom forager.) I collected 5 pounds to bring home to clean, cook and freeze some for winter soups. Delicious!

9/8/20 One blue Northern Leopard Frog (Rana pipiens) jumped and surprised me today, while working in my vegetable garden. The abnormal blue color is caused by the lack of the yellow pigment, a type of albinism. Remember, as children, we mixed blue and yellow together to make green? This blue frog, therefore is a rarity in nature, occurring in about 1:300,000.